Note 2.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

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Principles of Consolidation and Operations

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The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Climb Global Solutions, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

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Business Combinations

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We apply the provisions of ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), in accounting for our acquisitions. ASC 805 requires that we evaluate whether a transaction pertains to an acquisition of assets, or to an acquisition of a business. A business is defined as an integrated set of assets and activities that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return to investors. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis; whereas the acquisition of a business requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at the acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.

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Our valuation of acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets that was derived using valuation techniques and models such as the income approach. Such models require use of estimates including discount rates, and future expected revenue. The approach to estimating an initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as projected cash flows over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial contingent consideration is measured and expected volatility. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation.

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We have used third-party qualified specialists to assist management in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes assistance with the determination of economic useful lives and valuation of identifiable intangibles.

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We estimate the fair value based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from our estimates. Estimates associated with the accounting for acquisitions may change as additional information becomes available regarding the assets acquired and liabilities

assumed. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the business acquisition date, we record certain adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill.  

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All acquisition-related costs are accounted for as expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Contingent consideration is remeasured each reporting period using Level 3 inputs, and the change in fair value, including accretion for the passage of time, is recognized in acquisition related costs in the consolidated statement of earnings.

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Use of Estimates

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The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) requires management to make extensive use of certain estimates and assumptions which affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The significant areas of estimation include but are not limited to accounting for allowance for expected credit losses, sales returns, allocation of revenue in multiple deliverable arrangements, principal vs. agent considerations, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, contingencies and stock-based compensation. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Net Income Per Common Share

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Our basic and diluted earnings per share are computed using the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation method that determines net income per share for each class of common stock and participating securities according to their participation rights in dividends and undistributed earnings or losses. Non-vested restricted stock awards that include non-forfeitable rights to dividends are considered participating securities. Per share amounts are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average shares outstanding during each period. Diluted and basic earnings per share are the same because the restricted shares are the only potentially dilutive security.

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A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations follows:

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Cash Equivalents

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The Company considers all liquid short-term investments with maturities of 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

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Accounts Receivable

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Accounts receivable principally represents amounts collectible from our customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers but generally does not require collateral to support any outstanding obligation. From time to time, we sell accounts receivable to a financial institution on a non-recourse basis for cash, less a discount. The Company has no significant retained interests or servicing liabilities related to the accounts receivable sold. Proceeds from the sale of receivables approximated their discounted book value and were included in operating cash flows on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

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Allowances for Expected Credit Losses

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The Company maintains allowances for expected credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. Management determines the estimate of the allowance for expected credit losses by considering a number of factors, including historical experience, aging of the accounts receivable, as well as current market conditions and future forecasts of our customers’ ability to make payments for goods and services. At the time of sale, we record an estimate for sales returns based on historical experience, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. If actual sales returns are greater than estimated by management, an additional returns allowance may be required as an offset to net sales.

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Deferred Financing Costs

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Deferred financing costs, such as financial advisory and other professional fees are capitalized and recognized in interest, net over the life of the related debt instrument using the straight-line method. Deferred financing costs associated with the Company’s revolving credit facility are presented as an asset, within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Foreign Currency Translation

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Assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been translated using the end of the reporting period exchange rates, and related revenues and expenses have been translated at average rates of exchange in effect during the period. Cumulative translation adjustments have been classified within accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is a separate component of stockholders’ equity in accordance FASB ASC Topic No. 220, “Comprehensive Income”. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recorded as income or expenses as amounts are settled.

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For foreign currency remeasurement from each local currency into the appropriate functional currency, monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to functional currencies using current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Gains or losses from these remeasurements have been included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are recorded at historical exchange rates.

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Concentration of Credit Risk

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Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations in credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents.

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The Company’s cash and cash equivalents, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited primarily in banking institutions with global operations. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents.

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Financial Instruments

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The carrying amounts of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, because of the relative short maturity of

these instruments. The Company’s accounts receivable-long-term is discounted to its present value at prevailing market rates at the time of sale which, approximates fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Inventory

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Inventory, consisting primarily of finished products held for resale, is valued based on the first-in-first-out method of accounting and is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

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Equipment and Leasehold Improvements

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Equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost or fair value, if purchased as part of a business combination. Equipment depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the related lease terms, whichever is shorter.

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Software Development Costs

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The Company capitalizes certain internal and external costs incurred to acquire or create internal-use software. Capitalized software costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had unamortized software development costs of $6.9 million and $2.4 million, respectively, which are included in "Equipment and leasehold improvements" in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.  As of December 31, 2023, this includes $6.9 million for an internal-use software project that amortization expense has not yet been recognized for as the internal-use software is not ready for its intended use. As of December 31, 2022, there were $2.3 million in capitalized costs for this project.

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Goodwill

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We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company performs an evaluation of goodwill, utilizing either a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. The annual test for impairment is conducted as of October 1. The Company’s reporting units included in the assessment of potential goodwill impairment are the same as its operating segments. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to periodic testing for impairment at the reporting unit level.

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In a qualitative assessment, we assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is unnecessary.

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If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. We may also elect the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test.

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In the quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. Conversely, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

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Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is judgmental in nature and requires the use of estimates and assumptions, including net sales growth rates, gross profit margins, operating margins, discount rates and future market conditions, among others. Any changes in the judgments, estimates or assumptions used could produce different results.

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Intangible Assets

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Intangible assets with determinable lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives, which is determined based on their expected period of benefit. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess of the asset's carrying amount over its fair value. In addition, each quarter, the Company evaluates whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining estimated useful life of each of these intangible assets. If the Company were to determine that a change to the remaining estimated useful life of an intangible asset was necessary, then the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset would be amortized prospectively over that revised remaining useful life.

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Comprehensive Income

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Comprehensive income consists of net income for the year and the impact of unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments. The foreign currency translation adjustments are not currently adjusted for income taxes as they relate to permanent investments in international subsidiaries.

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Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenues primarily result from the sale of various technology products and services, including third-party products, third-party software and third-party maintenance, software support and services. The Company recognizes revenue as control of the third-party products and third-party software is transferred to customers, which generally happens at the point of shipment or fulfilment and at the point that our customers and vendors accept the terms and conditions of the arrangement for third-party maintenance, software support and services.

The Company has contracts with certain customers where the Company’s performance obligation is to arrange for the products or services to be provided by another party. In these arrangements, as the Company assumes an agency relationship in the transaction, revenue is recognized in the amount of the net fee associated with serving as an agent. These arrangements primarily relate to third party maintenance, cloud services and certain security software whose intended functionality is dependent on third party maintenance.

The Company allows its customers to return product for exchange or credit subject to certain limitations. A liability is recorded at the time of sale for estimated product returns based upon historical experience and an asset is recognized for the amount expected to be recorded upon product return. The Company also provides rebates and other discounts to certain customers which are considered variable consideration. A provision for customer rebates and other discounts is recorded as a reduction of revenue at the time of sale based on an evaluation of the contract terms and historical experience.

The Company considers shipping and handling activities as costs to fulfill the sales of products. Shipping revenue is included in net sales when control of the product is transferred to the customer, and the related shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales. Taxes imposed by governmental authorities on the Company’s revenue producing activities with customers, such as sales taxes and value added taxes, are excluded from net sales.

The Company disaggregates its operating revenue by segment, geography and timing of revenue recognition, which the Company believes provides a meaningful depiction of the nature of its revenue. For additional information, see Note 13 (Industry, Segment and Geographic Information).

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Hardware and software products sold by the Company are generally delivered via shipment from the Company’s facilities, drop shipment directly from the vendor, or by electronic delivery of keys for software products. The majority of the Company’s business involves shipments directly from its vendors to its customers, in these transactions, the Company is generally responsible for negotiating price both with the vendor and customer, payment to the vendor, establishing payment terms with the customer, product returns, and has risk of loss if the customer does not make payment. As the principal with the customer, the Company recognizes revenue upon receiving notification from the vendor that the product

was shipped. Control of software products is deemed to have passed to the customer when they acquire the right to use or copy the software under license as substantially all product functionality is available to the customer at the time of sale.

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The Company performs an analysis of the number of days of sales in-transit to customers at the end of each reporting period based on an analysis of commercial delivery terms that include drop-shipment arrangements. This analysis is the basis upon which the Company estimates the amount of net sales in-transit at the end of the period and adjusts revenue and the related costs to reflect only what has been delivered to the customer. Changes in delivery patterns may result in a different number of business days estimated to make this adjustment. The Company also performs a weighted average analysis of the estimated number of days between order fulfillment and beginning of the renewal term for term licenses recorded on a gross basis, and a deferral estimate is recorded for term license renewals fulfilled prior to commencement date.

Generally, software products are sold with accompanying third-party delivered software assurance, which is a product that allows customers to upgrade, at no additional cost, to the latest technology if new capabilities are introduced during the period that the software assurance is in effect. The Company evaluates whether the software assurance is a separate performance obligation by assessing if the third-party delivered software assurance is critical or essential to the core functionality of the software itself. This involves considering if the software provides its original intended functionality to the customer without the updates, if the customer would ascribe a higher value to the upgrades versus the up-front deliverable, if the customer would expect frequent intelligence updates to the software (such as updates that maintain the original functionality), and if the customer chooses to not delay or always install upgrades. If the Company determines that the accompanying third-party delivered software assurance is critical or essential to the core functionality of the software license, the software license and the accompanying third-party delivered software assurance are recognized as a single performance obligation. The value of the product is primarily the accompanying support delivered by a third party and therefore the Company is acting as an agent in these transactions and recognizes them on a net basis at the point the associated software license is delivered to the customer. The Company sells cloud computing solutions that utilize third-party vendors to enable customers to access data center functionality in a cloud-based solution, including storage, computing and networking and access to software in the cloud that enhances office productivity, provides security or assists in collaboration. The Company recognizes revenue for cloud computing solutions for arrangements with one-time invoicing to the customer at the time of invoice on a net basis as the Company is acting as an agent in the transaction. For monthly subscription-based arrangements, the Company is acting as an agent in the transaction and recognizes revenue as it invoices the customer for its monthly usage on a net basis. For software licenses where the accompanying third-party delivered software assurance is not critical or essential to the core functionality, the software assurance is recognized as a separate performance obligation, with the associated revenue recognized on a net basis at the point the related software license is delivered to the customer.

The Company also sells some of its products and services as part of bundled contract arrangements containing multiple deliverables, which may include a combination of products and services. For each deliverable that represents a distinct performance obligation, total arrangement consideration is allocated based upon the standalone selling prices (“SSP”) of each performance obligation. SSP is determined based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through established standard prices, we use judgement and estimate the standalone selling price considering available information such as market pricing and pricing related to similar products.

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Freight

The Company records freight billed to its customers as net sales and the related freight costs as cost of sales when the underlying product revenue is recognized. For freight not billed to its customers, the Company records the freight costs as cost of sales. The Company’s typical shipping terms result in shipping being performed before the customer obtains control of the product. The Company considers shipping to be a fulfillment activity and not a separate performance obligation.

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Commissions

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The Company pays commissions and related payroll taxes to sales personnel when customers are invoiced. These costs are recorded as selling general and administrative expenses in the period earned as all our performance obligations are complete within a short window of processing the order.

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Stock-Based Compensation

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The Company has stockholder-approved stock incentive plans for employees and directors. Stock-based compensation is recognized based on the grant date fair value and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

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Operating Segments

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Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's operations are classified into two reportable business segments: Distribution and Solutions. For additional information, see Note 13 (Industry, Segment and Geographic Information).

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Treasury Stock

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Treasury stock is accounted for at cost. Shares repurchased by the Company are held in treasury for general corporate purposes, including issuances under equity incentive plans. The reissuance of shares from treasury stock is based on the weighted average purchase price of the shares.

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Interest, net

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Interest, net consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and income from the amortization of the discount on accounts receivable long term, net of interest expense on the Company’s credit facility.

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Income Taxes

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The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. This method also requires a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset if, based on the weighted available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense when assessed. The Company accounts for uncertainties in accordance with FASB ASC 740 “Income Taxes”. This standard clarified the accounting for uncertainties in income taxes. The standard prescribes criteria for recognition and measurement of tax positions. It also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, and disclosures related to income taxes associated with uncertain tax positions. The Company classifies all deferred tax asset or liabilities as non-current on the balance sheet.

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Foreign Exchange

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The Company’s foreign currency exposure relates primarily to international transactions where the currency collected from customers can be different from the currency used to purchase the product. In cases where the Company is not able to create a natural hedge by maintaining offsetting asset and liability amounts in the same currency, it may enter into foreign exchange contracts, typically in the form of forward purchase agreements, to facilitate the hedging of foreign currency exposures to mitigate the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These contracts generally have terms of no more than two months. The Company does not apply hedge accounting to these contracts and therefore the changes in fair value are recorded in earnings. The Company does not enter into foreign exchange contracts for trading purposes and the risk of loss on a foreign exchange contract is the risk of nonperformance by the counterparties, which the Company minimizes by limiting its counterparties to major financial institutions.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

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In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)” ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13 revises the methodology for measuring credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. Originally, ASU 2016-13 was effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. In November 2019, FASB issued ASU 2019-10, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842).”  This ASU defers the effective date of ASU 2016-13 for public companies that are considered smaller reporting companies as defined by the SEC to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted the new credit loss standard and it did not have an impact on the Company’s financial statements.

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In July 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-03, “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement — Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718).” This ASU amends various paragraphs in the accounting codification pursuant to the issuance of Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) number 120. The ASU provides clarifying guidance related to employee and non-employee share-based payment accounting, including guidance related to spring-loaded awards. ASU 2023-03 was effective upon issuance. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 

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In November 2023, the FASB  issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”. The amendments in this ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The Company will adopt the update in the first quarter of 2024 but does not expect there to be a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.